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The development history of piezoelectric ceramics
In 1880, the Curie brothers first discovered the piezoelectric effect of tourmaline, and the history of piezoelectricity began.
In 1881, the Curie brothers experimentally verified the inverse piezoelectric effect and gave the same forward and inverse piezoelectric constants as quartz.
In 1894, Voigt pointed out that only twenty-point group crystals without a symmetry center can have piezoelectric effects. Quartz is a representative of piezoelectric crystals, and it has been used. In the First World War, Lang Zhiwan, Curie’s heir, was the first to use the piezoelectric effect of quartz to make an underwater ultrasonic detector for submarine detection, thus opening a chapter in the history of piezoelectric applications.
The epoch-making progress of piezoelectric materials and their applications should be attributed to the discovery of BaTiO3 ceramics in World War II. In 1947, Roberts of the United States applied high voltage to polarization treatment on BaTiO3 ceramics to obtain the voltage characteristics of piezoelectric ceramics. Subsequently, Japan actively carried out the application research of using BaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics to make ultrasonic transducers, high-frequency transducers, pressure sensors, filters, resonators and other piezoelectric devices. This research continued until the mid-1950s.
In 1955, B.Jaffe and others in the United States discovered PZT piezoelectric ceramics, which is superior to BaTiO3 piezoelectricity, which promoted the application research of piezoelectric devices to take a big step forward. Some applications that were difficult to be put into practical use in the BaTiO3 era, especially piezoelectric ceramic filters and resonators, have been quickly put into practical use with the advent of PZT. SAW filters, delay lines, and oscillators using surface acoustic wave (SAW) are applied. The device was also put into practical use in the late 1970s.
From the late 1980s to the present, people have developed relaxing ferroelectric ceramic materials, and on this basis, they have successfully developed relaxing ferroelectric single crystal materials, laying the foundation for three-dimensional ultrasonic imaging. At present, people have made new breakthroughs in the application of nanotechnology to the manufacturing process of piezoelectric materials.